Cholangiocarcinoma

Signs & symptoms

Cholangiocarcinoma is a rare cancer found in the tissue of the bile ducts. Tumors produce symptoms by blocking the bile ducts. Common symptoms may include:

• Clay colored stools
• Jaundice, which is a yellowing of the skin and eyes
• Itching
• Abdominal pain that may extend to the back
• Loss of appetite
• Unexplained weight loss
• Fever
• Chills

Diagnosis

Your doctor will first ask about your medical history and perform a physical examination. In addition, he or she may order the following tests:

• Computed tomography (CT) scan. An X-ray that uses a computer to provide an image of the inside of the abdomen.
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan. This test uses magnetic waves to create an image.
• Ultrasound. This test uses high-frequency sound waves that echo off the body to create a picture.
• Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). During an ERCP, a flexible tube is inserted down the throat and into the stomach and small intestine. By injecting dye into the drainage tube of the pancreas, your doctor can see the area more clearly.
• Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS). EUS involves passing a thin, flexible tube called an endoscope through the mouth or the anus to exam the lining and walls of the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract and nearby organs such as the pancreas and gall bladder. The endoscope is equipped with a small ultrasound transducer that produces sounds waves that create a viewable image of the digestive track. When combined with fine needle aspiration, EUS becomes a state-of-the-art, minimally invasive alternative to exploratory surgery to remove tissue samples from abdominal and other organs. It also may be used to determine the cause of symptoms such as abdominal pain, to evaluate a growth, to diagnose diseases of the pancreas, bile duct and gall bladder when other tests are inconclusive and to determine the extent of certain cancers of the lungs or digestive tract.
• Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC). By injecting dye into the bile duct through a thin needle inserted into the liver, blockages can be seen on X-ray.
• Bile duct biopsy and fine needle aspiration. A tiny sample of the bile duct fluid or tissue is removed and examined under a microscope.

Treatments

Surgery and radiation therapy are the two most common treatments for cholangiocarcinoma.

Surgery

If the cancer is small and has not spread beyond the bile duct, your doctor may remove the whole bile duct and make a new duct by connecting the duct openings in the liver to the intestine. Lymph nodes also will be removed and examined under the microscope to see if they contain cancer. If the cancer has spread and cannot be removed, your doctor may perform surgery to relieve symptoms.

If the cancer is blocking the small intestine and bile builds up in the gallbladder, surgery may be required. During this operation, called a biliary bypass, your doctor will cut the gallbladder or bile duct and sew it to the small intestine.

After complete removal of the tumor, 30 percent to 40 percent of patients survive for at least five years, with the possibility of being completely cured. If the tumor cannot be completely removed, it generally is not possible to cure the patient. In these cases, if you are not a candidate for surgery and have an obstruction, percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) can be used to place plastic or metal stents, which help to relieve obstructions.

Radiation therapy

Radiation therapy is the use of high-energy X-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. There are two main types of radiation therapy:

• External-beam radiation therapy. Radiation comes from a machine outside the body.
• Internal radiation therapy. Materials that produce radiation, called radioisotopes, are put into the area where the cancer cells are found through thin plastic tubes.

Experimental therapy

There are a couple types of therapy that are currently being studied in clinical trials for the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma, including:

• Chemotherapy. Uses drugs to kill cancer cells
• Biological therapy. Uses the body's immune system to fight cancer
• Photodynamic therapy. Uses a specific type of light and photosensitizing agent to kill cancer cells